What is the test?
A semen analysis is a laboratory test of a semen sample. It is the main first-line test for male fertility.
What does it assess?
Semen volume, sperm concentration and total count, motility (movement), morphology (shape) and other features such as pH and white blood cells.
Who might need it?
The male partner in any couple having fertility investigations, people considering sperm freezing, and before some fertility treatments.
When is it performed?
Early in a fertility assessment, ideally at the same time the female partner is being assessed.
How is the test carried out?
A sample is produced by masturbation into a sterile pot, usually at the clinic or delivered to the lab within about an hour while kept at body temperature.
How should I prepare?
Clinics usually advise 2–7 days without ejaculation beforehand. Avoid lubricants unless the clinic provides a suitable one. Mention recent illness or fever, which can temporarily affect results.
What can the results mean?
Results are compared with WHO reference values. One result outside the range does not mean infertility — sperm production varies, so an abnormal result is usually repeated.
What are its limitations?
A normal result does not guarantee fertility, and an abnormal one does not rule out conception. It does not assess sperm DNA or function in detail.
Is it routinely recommended?
Semen analysis is an established, recommended first-line investigation.
What happens next?
If results are abnormal, a repeat test, hormone tests, a physical examination or referral to a male fertility specialist may follow.
Frequently asked questions
How long does sperm take to regenerate?
Sperm production takes around 2–3 months, so lifestyle changes may take that long to show in results.
Can I use a home sperm test?
Home kits usually check only concentration. A full laboratory analysis gives much more information.